Abstract
Alloys of Fe-12Cr-0.3C-4Mn-(13, 14, 15)Cu (wt%) were cast using an induction furnace. They were structurally heterogeneous composites that consisted of a relatively stiff α-Fe matrix and a soft (Cu, Mn)-rich secondary phase. They were developed as self-lubricating, wear-resistant metals. Since the formation of oxides plays an important role in wear,..... More

Abstract
The incomplete elimination of oxide scale formed during the normalizing process can result in severe degradation of the surface and mechanical properties of ultra-strong steels. This study revealed that the formation of oxide scale was highly dependent upon the alloying elements Ni and Cu. Ni-bearing steel showed a much higher..... More